Ricardo I e Saladino: um estudo historiográfico sobre a criação da identidade Árabe e a fundamentação da terceira cruzada (1189-1192)

Abstract

This work, here presented as an undergraduate thesis, has began with a research developed voluntarally in the Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC), vinculated to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), between august 2018 and july 2019. We intended to discuss the Crusades, a very important process to the context of holy wars in the Medieval Age. Situated between the XIth and the final of the XIIIth centuries, they tried to retake and maintain Jerusalem. Within, our scope was think about the Third Crusade starting with some essential questions, like, the creation by the christians of an arabian identity, the relationship of king Richard I, main monarch responsible for the presence of the Occident in these expeditions, with other characters from the frank and the eastern world, also present in this Crusade, and also a conceptuation of holy war. For the purpose of a better reading, mainly our questions are: how the arabian identity has helped the notion of a holy war in the cruzadistic process? How came this identity to assist the war and the participation of christians? These concepts are inserted in an ethnic or in a racial debate? How can we perceive in the events of the Third Crusade the relation between christians and muslims? As final results, we understand that the christian discourse achieving the retake of Jerusalem tried to inscript in the arabians a devilish image, made by an ethnic struggle full of racialized elements that would justify their war being fair, holy and necessary to the continuity of the Church.