Peroxidases: obtenção, recuperação e aplicação na área ambiental

Abstract

In recent years, the high rates of environmental pollution have intensified concern for the environment and favored implementing ways to minimize environmental impacts. The use of peroxidases as an alternative method of pollutant degradation has become increasingly crucial for the environmental sector. The objective of this review was to compile data from articles published between 2016 and 2022, on microbial sources of peroxidases, mechanisms of action, enzyme improvement strategies and, finally, potential applications in bioremediation and bioherbicides. Because of the challenges for the use of peroxidases, such as costs for obtaining and low stability, new forms of treatment were researched to help improve their enzymatic activity, such as the use of microwaves, ultrasound, and magnetic fields, in addition to suitable reaction conditions and immobilization systems that enable the reuse of enzymes. In this contexto, peroxidases from fungi, bacteria and yeasts stand out, such as lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP) and bleaching dye peroxidase (DyP). The compilation of studies indicates that the peroxidases have a heme group where the iron ion is in the Fe(III) oxidation state for the mechanism of action. This ion is oxidized by a peroxide molecule, giving rise to the ferryl species Fe(IV)=O what has high oxidizing potential, being reduced when it oxidizes the organic substrate of peroxidase, at the end of the cycle, the iron returns to the initial oxidation state. As they can catalyze redox reactions for numerous substrates, peroxidases are considered important catalysts for various industrial, medicinal and biotechnological applications, mainly as soil and wastewater remediators. They can still have a biological control function, as bioherbicides. The importance of peroxidases in the environmental area for being versatile enzymes of great applicability. The implementation of new techniques of optimization of reactions contributes to the improvement of the enzymatic activity, which favors their use.