Produção de leite em sistemas de produção agroecológico, transição e convencional em unidades da agricultura familiar da região Cantuquiriguaçu - PR

Abstract

The dairy activity is present in 1,350,809 establishments, corresponding to approximately 25.88% of the establishments in the country. Family farming produces 56.4% of cow's milk in Brazil. In the Cantuquiriguaçu region, the production of dairy cattle is present in about 48% of the family production units. Milk activity is an important alternative for generating income for family farming. The Cantuquiriguaçu region has the presence of three types of milk production systems: agroecological, transitional and conventional. Milk activity presents interactions that affect the composition of production costs. The climate of the region has well defined seasons, which influence the development of perennial pastures, necessitating strategies to feed the dairy herd during the winter and critical periods. The technical and economic characteristics of each system act in the formation of the cost of milk production. In order to understand the economic-productive dynamics of the milk production systems in the Cantuquiriguaçu region, 13 family production units were selected, which in 2014 participated in the research developed by Christoffoli et al (2015). Applying the qualitative methodology, a case study of the milk production systems was developed, with a longitudinal cut-out. Two production units of each system were studied in the period from July to September of the years 2014 and 2017. The agroecological system presented a lower cost of production, of 0.57 cents per liter of milk and lower productivity per area of 164 l / ha / month, was milking on average 6 cows / month and was the system that received the lowest value per liter. He presented difficulties with the strategies of supplementation adopted for the winter and critical periods. The conventional system presented greater intensification of the area of agricultural area (UAA) for animal and vegetal production. The time of service used in the milk activity by the production systems showed that in the conventional system 3.4 and 3 hours per day were worked more than in the agroecological system and transition respectively, due to the larger milked herd and silage supplies. The difficulties faced and not overcome by the agroecological and transition systems are points that negatively impact on the systems interfering negatively in the productive and economic results of these systems. In longitudinal observation, the economic return of the milk activity of the agroecological system is affected by the reduction in the value received. As the system in transition presented with greater use of sources of external food, feed and hay, reflecting on higher milk production and higher costs. In the conventional system the reduction of the use of the ration and adoption of the silage led the system to reduce the production and lower average price received, but maintained the economic return of the milk activity.