Quantificação das perdas na colheita mecanizada de soja, milho e trigo em função da hora e do mecanismo da colhedora

Abstract

Wheat, corn and soybeans have a great diversity of derived products, important for farmers' income, several of them being the main source of income. Harvesting is considered one of the most important stages of agricultural activity, it is at this point that it reflects the results of farmers' work. It is at the moment of withdrawal of the crop that appears the losses and damages in the harvest, that comes to compromise the final yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure crop losses at different times and places of the harvester, being carried out in the fields of Severiano de Almeida / RS and Três Arroios / RS. Led on 10 properties in front of 4 different times of harvest day 9h; 12h; 15h; 18h, in three different positions being platform losses in wheat and soybean crops and air losses and sieves, three replications were performed, totaling 36 samples per property. For corn the losses considered are bagasse, air / sieve and platform losses. Harvest losses were calculated in kg / ha-1 by collecting all grains and spikes dropped into the soil within a 2 m² frame, with a length equal to the width of the platform and length of the frame being variable, due to each harvester presenting platform with different dimensions. After that, the counting and the weighing were carried out, and the values found were tabulated and statistically analyzed by analysis of variance, and, with difference, a 5% probability test was performed using the SASM-Agri application. Harvest losses at different times had significant losses for the crops in the 18 hour period, a fact related mainly to the straw of the crop in that period being very dry causing the threshing when the windlass touches the plants. As well as between crops the largest losses of harvesters occurred at different locations due to the characteristic of each crop. The losses at the different locations of the harvester differed for each crop due to their characteristics. Finally, it is concluded that the damages and losses occur due to the bad regulation of the harvester and humidity of the crop which, if it is very dry, hampers the processes performed by the harvester, causing threshing at the time of harvesting and harvesting and facilitating grain breakage.