Comportamento coletivo do meio formado em colisões de íons pesados: uma das assinaturas do plasma de quarks e glúons

Abstract

Matter, as we know it today is formed by molecules and these by atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. However, when it comes to the structure and organization of matter through atomic physics, the existence of a fourth state called plasma is considered. However, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) predicts of the existence the quark and gluon plasma (QGP), in which the constituents of the shadons, quarks and gluons are deconfined. It is believed that QGP was present at the first seconds after the occurrence of the Big Bang, however, it is possible to reconstruct this state in the laboratory using extreme conditions such as very high temperatures and large amounts of energy. This is possible through particle accelerators such as RHIC and LHC. The experimental confirmation of the QGP took place in 2005 at RHIC, since then several studies have been dedicated to this area. One of the models that showed a very effective description of the results of the experiments was the hydrodynamic model. The objective of this work is to study the expansion of the hot and dense medium formed in heavy icon collisions, through anisotropic flow, thus analyzing its relationship with the formation of QGP in the initial stage of the collision. To this end, published results from research groups dedicated to the study of anisotropic flow will be presented, comparing their numerical results with experimental data from RHIC and LHC