Análise das políticas públicas voltadas à produção de biogás: estudo de caso em propriedades rurais do Alto Uruguai-RS.

Abstract

The growing energy demand of the population and the environmental impacts caused by it are problems that have been increasingly discussed in the world, and the diversification of the energy matrix and the replacement of fossil fuels are the main reasons for these debates. As an alternative, biodigesters reappear with new purposes because, in addition to treating waste, they have the objective of generating biogas to transform it into energy. Therefore, this work had the general objective of verifying whether public policies at the Federal, State and Regional levels, regarding the promotion of Biogas production and the generation of Renewable Electric Energy, enable the realization of projects, analyzing their impacts and applications in small rural properties in Northern Gaucho. The project was developed in the region of COREDE Norte-RS, composed of 32 municipalities. As a result, from a bibliographic research, the first article was prepared, which aimed to describe the existing public policies, at the federal level, and to relate the production of biogas to sustainable development. From the results of this research, it was possible to perceive a great advance, from ANEEL Resolution nº 687/2015, in the creation of public policies for this sector, in addition to the relationship of these policies with the commitment of Brazil, assumed at the Conferences of the Parties, in achieving greenhouse gas reduction targets. It was found that biogas projects promote benefits such as the development of rural sanitation, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the diversification of the country's energy matrix. It is concluded that Brazil has tried to advance in this sector through the creation of new public policies and that biogas projects meet the premises of sustainable development and some of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals. The second article aimed to identify the number of biodigesters on rural properties in the COREDE Norte/RS region and the socio-environmental impact of these projects, in addition to describing the public policies of the State (RS) and municipalities in the region, for this sector. It was elaborated from a case study, which had the participation of the municipal units of Emater in the region and the farmers that have biodigesters installed, through the application of a questionnaire and a semistructured interview, respectively. It was possible to verify that all the producers installed their biodigesters with the objective of treating the waste and generating energy, however, the economic viability did not allow that everyone could make this conversion of biogas into energy. From the questionnaire applied to Emater, it was identified that there is a lack of knowledge and information about biogas generation projects and a lack of government incentive to make these projects viable. It appears that the two specific legislations for the biogas sector, found at the State level, are incipient and insufficient, reflecting in the region and in the municipalities of the study. It is also concluded that the reasons for the low existence of biogas projects in the region are due to the lack of government incentives and the lack of knowledge and information about biogas production and energy generation.