Efeitos do uso de tela no neurodesenvolvimento de crianças de 0 a 5 anos: uma revisão integrativa

Abstract

The early childhood period is crucial for the development of the central nervous system, when brain connections are shaped by biological and psychosocial influences, affecting motor, social, and cognitive development. Internal factors (heredity and genetics) and external factors (environment and experiences) play significant roles in this process. The use of mobile devices, such as cell phones and tablets, has become widespread, increasing screen exposure time among young children. In this context, the aim of the study is to analyze the effects of screen use on the neurodevelopment of children aged 0 to 5 years. This study conducted an integrative literature review, including studies published between 2014 and 2024 that addressed typically developing children, using the keywords: "Neurodevelopment," "Child Development," "Neurodevelopmental Disorders," "Screen Use," "Use of Screens," and "Screen Time" in the title or abstract. The database used was PubMed, meeting the following inclusion criteria: articles available in full text in English, considering a sample of typically developing children aged 0 to 5 years. The research resulted in 61 initial studies, of which 17 were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results were classified into three main categories: cognition, language, and socioemotional development. The impact of screen use on cognition was addressed by eight studies, which pointed to cognitive delays associated with excessive screen use. These delays involved attention problems, academic performance, play skills, and problem-solving abilities. Some studies indicated that the use of televisions and "media multitasking" were particularly related to cognitive deficits. Language development was analyzed by eight studies, which found negative associations between screen time and language skills. Excessive use of mobile devices was especially harmful to comprehension and expressive skills. Children exposed to more than one hour of screen time daily showed significant delays in receptive and expressive language, as well as difficulties in general communication. Regarding socioemotional development, 12 studies were reviewed. Prolonged screen exposure was associated with difficulties in social and emotional skills, including behavior and social interaction problems. Reduced face-to-face interaction with parents and other children due to excessive screen time was a crucial factor contributing to these problems. The reviewed studies indicate that excessive screen use during early childhood has significant detrimental effects on neurological development.